# Semantic Similarity: Prompt 2 (Scientific Grounding)

**Model:** openai/text-embedding-3-small
**Average pairwise cosine similarity:** 0.8088
**Range:** 0.7145 – 0.8877 (σ = 0.0414)

## Pairwise Similarity Matrix

| | Claude | GPT-5.4 | GPT-OSS 120B | Gemini | Grok | Nova 2 Lite | Nemotron | DeepSeek | Qwen | GLM-5 | Kimi K2.5 | MiniMax M2.7 | MiMo-V2-Pro |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Claude** | — | 0.866 | 0.835 | 0.776 | 0.835 | 0.823 | 0.813 | 0.847 | 0.798 | 0.833 | 0.842 | 0.877 | 0.884 |
| **GPT-5.4** | 0.866 | — | 0.810 | 0.744 | 0.832 | 0.837 | 0.819 | 0.843 | 0.753 | 0.809 | 0.806 | 0.867 | 0.877 |
| **GPT-OSS 120B** | 0.835 | 0.810 | — | 0.762 | 0.794 | 0.763 | 0.764 | 0.799 | 0.791 | 0.773 | 0.798 | 0.791 | 0.788 |
| **Gemini** | 0.776 | 0.744 | 0.762 | — | 0.791 | 0.739 | 0.714 | 0.762 | 0.798 | 0.827 | 0.812 | 0.730 | 0.766 |
| **Grok** | 0.835 | 0.832 | 0.794 | 0.791 | — | 0.847 | 0.779 | 0.824 | 0.799 | 0.851 | 0.856 | 0.830 | 0.834 |
| **Nova 2 Lite** | 0.823 | 0.837 | 0.763 | 0.739 | 0.847 | — | 0.768 | 0.863 | 0.723 | 0.840 | 0.802 | 0.823 | 0.823 |
| **Nemotron** | 0.813 | 0.819 | 0.764 | 0.714 | 0.779 | 0.768 | — | 0.777 | 0.749 | 0.763 | 0.755 | 0.797 | 0.787 |
| **DeepSeek** | 0.847 | 0.843 | 0.799 | 0.762 | 0.824 | 0.863 | 0.777 | — | 0.762 | 0.851 | 0.824 | 0.872 | 0.856 |
| **Qwen** | 0.798 | 0.753 | 0.791 | 0.798 | 0.799 | 0.723 | 0.749 | 0.762 | — | 0.795 | 0.797 | 0.766 | 0.750 |
| **GLM-5** | 0.833 | 0.809 | 0.773 | 0.827 | 0.851 | 0.840 | 0.763 | 0.851 | 0.795 | — | 0.857 | 0.853 | 0.846 |
| **Kimi K2.5** | 0.842 | 0.806 | 0.798 | 0.812 | 0.856 | 0.802 | 0.755 | 0.824 | 0.797 | 0.857 | — | 0.846 | 0.847 |
| **MiniMax M2.7** | 0.877 | 0.867 | 0.791 | 0.730 | 0.830 | 0.823 | 0.797 | 0.872 | 0.766 | 0.853 | 0.846 | — | 0.888 |
| **MiMo-V2-Pro** | 0.884 | 0.877 | 0.788 | 0.766 | 0.834 | 0.823 | 0.787 | 0.856 | 0.750 | 0.846 | 0.847 | 0.888 | — |